Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 119
Filter
1.
Braz. j. biol ; 82: 1-6, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468522

ABSTRACT

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and a major zoonotic disease in Brazil. Due to the southward expansion of the disease within the country and the central role of dogs as urban reservoirs of the parasite, we have investigated the occurrence of CVL in two municipalities Erval Velho and Herval d'Oeste in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina state. Peripheral blood samples from 126 dogs were collected in both cities and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIF) and for the presence of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in peripheral blood. From examined dogs, 35.71% (45/126) were positive for at least one of the three tests and two (1.6%) were positive in all performed tests. Twelve dogs (9.5%) were positive for both ELISA and IIF, while 21 dogs were exclusively positive for ELISA (16.7%), and 15 (11.9%) for IIF. L. infantum k-DNA was detected by PCR in 9 out of 126 dogs (7.1%) and clinical symptoms compatible with CVL were observed for 6 dogs. Taken together, these results indicate the transmission of CVL in this region, highlighting the needs for epidemiological surveillance and implementation of control measures for CVL transmission in this region.


A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) causada pela Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum e transmitida por flebotomíneos e é uma das principais zoonoses do Brasil que se encontra em expansão em estados da região sul do país, sendo os cães o principal reservatório urbano do parasito. O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de LVC em dois municípios, Erval Velho e Herval d’Oeste localizados no meio-oeste de Santa Catarina. Para tanto, amostras de sangue periférico de 126 cães foram coletadas em ambas as cidades e submetidas à detecção de anticorpos anti-L. infantum por meio de testes de ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), bem com a detecção de k-DNA pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Além disso, também foram observados os sintomas clínicos e as condições ambientais associadas a esses animais. Dos cães examinados, 35,7% (45/126) foram positivos para pelo menos um dos três testes, dois cães (1,6%) foram positivos em todos os três testes, 12 cães (9,5%) foram positivos tanto no ELISA quanto na IFI, enquanto 21 cães (16,7%) foram positivos para ELISA e 15 (11,9%) para o IFI. A amplificação do k-DNA de L. infantum foi positiva em 9 dos 126 cães (7,1%). Entre os cães positivos seis apresentaram um ou mais sintomas clínicos correlacionados com a LVC. Esses resultados confirmaram a ocorrência de LVC na região e destacaram a importância do monitoramento e implementação de medidas de controle para a LVC nessa região.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Neglected Diseases/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/blood , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Zoonoses/diagnosis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
2.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 116: e200571, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1154878

ABSTRACT

Leishmania infantum chagasi is the causative agent and Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. We investigated the expression of Leishmania genes within L. longipalpis after artificial infection. mRNAs from genes involved in sugar and amino acid metabolism were upregulated at times of high parasite proliferation inside the insect. mRNAs from genes involved in metacyclogenesis had higher expression in late stages of infection. Other modulated genes of interest were involved in immunomodulation, purine salvage pathway and protein recycling. These data reveal aspects of the adaptation of the parasite to the microenvironment of the vector gut and reflect the preparation for infection in the vertebrate.


Subject(s)
Animals , Psychodidae/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Psychodidae/genetics , Brazil , Gene Expression , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Life Cycle Stages
3.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 53: e20190446, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092226

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) represents a public health concern in several areas of the world. In the American continent, VL transmission is typically zoonotic, but humans with active VL caused by Leishmania infantum are able to infect sandflies. Thus, individuals with cutaneous parasitic infections may act as reservoirs and allow interhuman transmission. Additionally, the skin may be responsible for reactivation of the disease after therapy. This study's objective was to evaluate cutaneous parasitism in humans with VL in an American endemic area. METHODS: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted in northeast Brazil from October 2016 to April 2017. Biopsies of healthy skin for histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed prior to treatment in all study patients. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients between the ages of five months to 78 years were included in the study. Seven patients (31.8%) tested positive for HIV. Only one patient had cutaneous parasitism, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry prior to treatment. Parasitism was not detected after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Cutaneous parasitism in the healthy skin of humans with visceral leishmaniasis, although unusual, may be a source of infection for phlebotomine sandflies.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Young Adult , Skin/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Skin/pathology , Biopsy , Immunohistochemistry , Cross-Sectional Studies , Endemic Diseases , Educational Status , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology , Middle Aged
4.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 39(2): 405-414, ene.-jun. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1038800

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción. La leishmaniosis cutánea por Leishmania braziliensis ha sido tradicionalmente endémica en Argentina y se han sido descritos casos de compromiso visceral después de una leishmaniosis cutánea inicial. La leishmaniosis visceral emergió en Argentina en el año 2006 en la ciudad de Posadas, provincia de Misiones, afectando tanto a humanos como a perros. Objetivo. Identificar el agente etiológico a nivel de especie de los pacientes diagnosticados con leishmaniosis visceral en Misiones y describir sus características clínico-epidemiológicas. Materiales y métodos. Se estudió una serie de 24 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de leishmaniosis visceral en la provincia de Misiones en el período 2009 al 2016. Para la identificación de Leishmania spp., los pacientes fueron sometidos a estudios diagnósticos indirectos (serológicos) y directos (microscopía, detección de ADN y secuenciación). También, se estudiaron variables como edad, sexo, lugar de residencia, y signos y síntomas clínicos indicativos de leishmaniosis visceral. Resultados. De los 24 pacientes estudiados, 18 (75 %) eran hombres y 6 (25 %) eran menores de cuatro años. La manifestación clínica más frecuente fue el síndrome febril prolongado en 21 (87,5 %) de los pacientes, seguido de esplenomegalia en 17 (70,8 %). Se identificó la especie Leishmania infantum en todos los pacientes estudiados. Conclusión. Este hallazgo constituye la primera identificación de la especie L. infantum en pacientes autóctonos de la provincia de Misiones. El estudio evidenció la importancia de la PCR para el manejo epidemiológico de la leishmaniosis visceral en Argentina.


Abstract Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis has been historically endemic in Argentina and several cases of visceral leishmaniasis following initial cutaneous leishmaniasis have been reported. Visceral leishmaniasis started to appear in Argentina in 2006 in the city of Posadas, Misiones province, affecting both humans and dogs. Objective: To identify the etiologic agent to species level in patients with visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis in Misiones province and describe its clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Materials and methods: A cohort of 24 patients from Misiones province was studied from 2009 to 2016, all with a confirmed diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. To identify the Leishmania species involved, patient samples were analyzed by microscopy, serologic studies, DNA detection, and sequencing. Variables such as age, sex, place of residence, clinical signs and symptoms consistent with visceral leishmaniasis were also recorded. Results: 75% (18/24) of the patients studied were males and 25% (6/24) were younger than 4 years. The most frequent symptom was a prolonged fever in 87.5% of the patients (21/24), followed by splenomegaly in 70.8% (17/24). Leishmania infantum was the only parasite species identified in all patients. Conclusion: This finding constitutes the first molecular identification of the Leishmania infantum species in autochthonous patients of Misiones province, Argentina. This study highlights the importance of PCR for species identification in epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniosis in Argentina.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Leishmania infantum/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Argentina/epidemiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology
5.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 27(4): 430-438, Oct.-Dec. 2018. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-977936

ABSTRACT

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by the protozoa Leishmania infantum and can cause an inflammatory reaction in the gastrointestinal tract, however the role of granulocytic cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells) in the intestine of dogs infected is not fully understood. We performed a quantitative analysis these cells in the intestinal wall of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Twenty dogs were assigned to one of three groups: group 1 (G1, n=8), dogs with CVL and L. infantum amastigotes in the intestine; group 2 (G2, n=9), dogs with CVL but without intestinal amastigotes; and group 3 (G3, n=3), uninfected dogs (control group). Granulocytic cells were counted in the crypt-villus unit (mucosa), submucosa, and muscle layer of the intestinal mucosa. Cell counts were higher in the intestinal wall of dogs from G2 followed by G1 and G3 (p≤0.05). In G1, there was a low inverse correlation between parasite burden of the small intestine and granulocyte counts (r= -0.1, p≤0.01). However, in G2 dogs, mast cell and eosinophil numbers showed positive correlation (r=0.85, p≤0.01). The granulocytic cell hyperplasia observed in the intestine of L. infantum-infected dogs suggests that these cells may be involved in the cell-mediated immune response for parasite elimination.


Resumo A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma doença causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum e pode causar uma reação inflamatória no trato gastrointestinal, entretanto o papel das células granulocíticas (neutrófilos, eosinófilos e mastócitos) no intestino de cães infectados não é totalmente compreendido. Neste estudo realizamos uma análise quantitativa dessas células na parede intestinal de cães com LV. Vinte cães foram distribuídos em três grupos: grupo 1 (G1, n=8), cães com LV e amastigotas de L. infantum no intestino; grupo 2 (G2, n=9), cães com LV, mas sem amastigotas intestinais; e grupo 3 (G3, n=3), não infectados (grupo controle). Células granulocíticas foram contadas na unidade cripta-vilo (mucosa), submucosa e camada muscular da mucosa intestinal. Observamos hiperplasia dessas células na parede intestinal de cães do G2, seguidas das G1 em relação ao G3 (p≤0,05). No G1, houve uma correlação inversa baixa entre a carga parasitária do intestino delgado e a contagem de granulócitos (r= -0,1; p≤0,01). No entanto, nos cães do G2, os números de mastócitos e eosinófilos apresentaram correlação positiva (r=0,85; p≤0,01). A hiperplasia de células granulocíticas observada no intestino de cães infectados por L. infantum sugere que essas células podem estar envolvidas na resposta imune mediada por células para a eliminação do parasita.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Dogs , Leishmania infantum , Dog Diseases/pathology , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology , Case-Control Studies , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Eosinophils/pathology , Intestinal Mucosa/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Mast Cells/pathology , Neutrophils/pathology
6.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 113(2): 119-125, Feb. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-894893

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Treatment-refractory visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has become an important problem in many countries. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the antimony-resistance mechanisms of Leishmania infantum isolated from VL patients refractory or responsive to treatment with pentavalent antimony. METHODS Strains isolated from antimony-refractory patients (in vitro antimony-resistant isolates) and antimony-responsive patients (in vitro antimony-sensitive isolates) were examined. Morphological changes were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy after trivalent antimony exposure. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump activity was evaluated using the pump-specific inhibitor verapamil hydrochloride, and the role of thiol in trivalent antimony resistance was investigated using the enzymatic inhibitor L-buthionine sulfoximine. FINDINGS Antimony treatment induced fewer alterations in the cellular structure of L. infantum resistant isolates than in that of sensitive isolates. P-gp efflux activity was not involved in antimony resistance in these isolates. Importantly, the resistant isolates contained higher levels of thiol compared to the sensitive isolates, and inhibition of thiol synthesis in the resistant isolates recovered their sensitivity to trivalent antimony treatment, and enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species in promastigotes exposed to the drug. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that isolates from patients with antimony-refractory VL exhibited higher thiol levels than antimony-sensitive isolates. This indicates that redox metabolism plays an important role in the antimony-resistance of New World VL isolates.


Subject(s)
Drug Resistance , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Antimony/pharmacology , Buthionine Sulfoximine , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Enzyme Inhibitors
7.
Salvador; s.n; 2018. 80 p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1005487

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma doença infecto-parasitária e é considerada negligenciada, segundo a organização mundial de saúde. O cão e o homem fazem parte da manutenção do ciclo da infecção. O crescente aumento de animais infectados acarreta em um problema de saúde pública, pois representa eminente risco de infeção para os humanos. Na LV, a resposta imune celular é suprimida favorecendo a replicação do parasito nos macrófagos e a exacerbação da doença. Estudos apontam que esta supressão pode estar relacionada à secreção da interleucina-10 (IL-10), pois esta tem o papel de regular o excesso de resposta inflamatória, inibindo a produção de IL-12. OBJETIVO: Nesta pesquisa, propõese produzir e purificar plasmídeos codificando receptor de IL-10 e IL-12 murinos, bem como produzir e purificar o receptor de IL-10 murino na forma solúvel no sistema baculovíruscélulas de inseto, visando avaliar os efeitos de substâncias imunomoduladoras em camundongos infectados com Leishmania infantum/chagasi, com o intuito de desenvolver um método imunoterápico para cães com LV. METODOLOGIA: Na primeira parte deste trabalho, camundongos BALB/c foram infectados com L. infantum/chagasi, por via venosa e em seguida foram injetados quatro vezes, com intervalo de 7 dias entre as doses, com salina (G1), pcDNA3.1 (plasmídeo controle) (G2), pcDNA3.1mIL-12 (G3), pcDNA3.1mIL-10R1 (G4) e pcDNA3.1mIL-12+ pcDNA3.1mIL-10R1 (G5), por via intramuscular, seguida de eletroporação. Os efeitos da administração dos plasmídeos foram avaliados através da análise histológica do fígado e baço e pela determinação da carga parasitária do baço por PCR em tempo real. Na segunda parte deste trabalho foi produzida e purificada através do sistema baculovírus-célula de inseto, a proteína rmusIL-10R1. Além disso, foi realizado o ensaio de atividade biológica em células MC/9 para avaliar se a proteína produzida e purificada possui atividade funcional. RESULTADOS: A administração de plasmídeos codificadores do receptor de IL-10R1 em associação com IL-12 seguida de eletroporação apresentou efeitos sistêmicos nos grupos G3 e G5, como presença de granulomas maduros no parênquima hepático e nos espaços portais, intenso infiltrado inflamatório no parênquima hepático, aumento do centro germinativo no tecido esplênico e redução da carga parasitária. O rendimento obtido da proteína produzida e purificada foi de 678 µg por litro de cultivo. CONCLUSÃO: Os efeitos observados na primeira parte do trabalho podem ser atribuídos somente à ação da IL-12 e não do receptor de IL-10. Na segunda etapa do trabalho evidenciou-se que a proteína rmusIL-10R1 não foi capaz de bloquear a sinalização mediada por IL-10 murina


INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious-parasitic disease and is considered neglected, according to the World Health Organization. The dog and the man are part of maintaining the cycle of infection. The increasing numbers of infected animals have a public health problem, as it represents an imminent risk of infection for humans. In LV, the cellular immune response is suppressed favoring the replication of the parasite in the macrophages and the exacerbation of the disease. Studies indicate that this suppression may be related to the secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10), since it has the role of regulating the excess inflammatory response, inhibiting the production of IL12. PURPOSE: In this research, it is proposed to produce and purify murine IL-10 and IL-12 receptor encoding plasmids, as well as to produce and purify the murine IL-10 receptor in the soluble form of the baculovirus-insect cells system, in order to evaluate the effects of immunomodulatory substances in mice infected with Leishmania infantum / chagasi, with the aim of developing an immunotherapeutic method for dogs with VL. METHODOLOGY: In the first part of this work, BALB / c mice were infected with venom intravenous L. infantum and then injected four times, with 7 days between doses, with saline (G1), pcDNA3.1 (G2), pcDNA3.1mIL-12 (G3), pcDNA3.1mIL-10R1 (G4) and pcDNA3.1mIL-12 + pcDNA3.1mIL-10R1 (G5), followed by electroporation. The effects of plasmid administration were assessed by histological analysis of the liver and spleen and determination of spleen parasite load by real-time PCR. In the second part of this work the rmusIL-10R1 protein was produced and purified through the baculovirus-insect cell system. In addition, the biological activity assay was performed on MC / 9 cells to assess whether the produced and purified protein has functional activity. RESULTS: Administration of IL-10R1 receptor-encoding plasmids in association with IL-12 followed by electroporation showed systemic effects in the G3 and G5 groups, such as presence of mature granulomas in the hepatic parenchyma and portal spaces, intense inflammatory infiltrate in the hepatic parenchyma , increase of the germinal center in the splenic tissue and reduction of the parasitic load. The yield of the produced and purified protein was 678 µg per liter of culture. CONCLUSION: The effects observed in the first part of the work can be attributed only to the action of IL-12 and not the IL-10 receptor. In the second stage of the work it was shown that the rmusIL-10R1 protein was not able to block murine IL-10 mediated signaling.


Subject(s)
Humans , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology
8.
Salvador; s.n; 2018. 85 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1005586

ABSTRACT

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é grave problema de saúde pública no Brasil, onde permanece com elevadas taxas de letalidade a despeito das tentativas de controle. OBJETIVO: Identificar aspectos clínicos e laboratoriais admissionais associados ao óbito na LV. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: trata-se de estudo de corte transversal retrospectivo incluindo os pacientes admitidos no Hospital Couto Maia (Salvador/Ba) com diagnóstico de LV entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2014. Variáveis epidemiológicas, clínicas e laboratoriais admissionais foram coletadas em instrumento padronizado e analisadas no software Stata® versão 13.0 na comparação entre os grupos de desfecho clínico (DC) de alta hospitalar (n=106) ou óbito (n=12). RESULTADOS: Predominaram pacientes do sexo masculino (62,7%), da faixa etária pediátrica (53,4%), de procedência da área urbana de municípios do interior da Bahia com baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano e de apresentação clínica clássica com hepatoesplenomegalia febril e citopenias. A letalidade média foi de 10,2%, superior a partir dos 40 anos de idade. As principais causas de óbito declaradas foram insuficiências renal e hepática/hepatite, sepse/choque séptico, choque não especificado e coagulação intravascular disseminada. Comorbidades ocorreram em 19,5% dos pacientes e foram associadas ao DC óbito (p=0,043), assim como a presença de dor abdominal (p=0,022), sangramentos mucosos (p=0,034), edema (p=0,029), icterícia (p=0,000), redução do sensório (p=0,001), crepitação pulmonar (p=0,014), bulhas arrítmicas (p=0,027), coinfecção bacteriana (p=0,019) e alterações eletrocardiográficas (p=0,001). Apresentaram associação óbito níveis de plaquetas < 81.000/mm³ (p=0,004), albumina ≤ 2,2g/dL (p=0,032), ureia > 37 mg/dL (p=0,009), bilirrubinas totais > 0,9 mg/dL (p=0,001), bilirrubina direta > 0,4mg/dL (p=0,002), atividade de protrombina ≤ 45% (p=0,008) e creatinina elevada para a idade (p=0,003). Os escores obtidos nos modelos prognósticos clínico (EC) e clinicolaboratorial (ECL) adotados pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil apresentaram concordância com o DC; EC ≥ 4 e ECL ≥ 6 foram significativamente associados ao óbito nesta amostra, com maior força de associação para o último (p=0,000). CONCLUSÕES: O perfil clínico da amostra foi concordante com a literatura, porém algumas variáveis classicamente associadas ao óbito na LV não se mostraram significantes, ou se fizeram em diferentes pontos de corte, o que pode ter se devido a variações populacionais ou ao delineamento do estudo, requerendo pesquisas mais robustas para a sua verificação. Os resultados para as pontuações nos EC e ECL nesta amostra refletem a importância de sua realização enquanto ferramenta de estratificação de risco dos pacientes diagnosticados com LV. Espera-se que este estudo possa contribuir no diagnóstico situacional da doença na população local e na identificação de questões-chave a serem aprofundadas através de diferentes metodologias


INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major public health problem in Brazil, where it persists with elevated fatality rates despite of controlling measures. AIM: Identify clinical and laboratorial admission aspects associated to death in VL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It's a cross-sectional retrospective study including patients admitted to the Hospital Couto Maia (Salvador/Ba) with a diagnosis of VL between January 2010 and December 2014. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory admission variables were collected in a standardized instrument and analyzed in the software Stata ® version 13.0 in the comparison between groups of clinical outcome (CO), discharge (n=106) or death (n=12). RESULTS: predominated male patients (62.7%), pediatric age (53.4%), origin of the urban area of municipalities in the interior of Bahia with low Human Development Index and classical clinical presentation with hepatosplenomegaly feverish and cytopenias. The average fatality rate was 10.2%, higher than 40 years of age. The main declared causes of death were renal and liver insufficiencies/hepatitis, sepsis/septic shock, unspecified shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Comorbidities were referred in 19.5% of patients and was associated with the CO (p=0.043), as well as the presence of abdominal pain (p=0.022), mucosal bleeding (p=0.034), edema (p=0.029), jaundice (p=0.000), sensory reduction (p = 0.001), lung crepitation (p=0.014), arrhythmic cardiac sounds (p=0.027), bacterial coinfection (p=0.019) and electrocardiographic abnormalities (p=0.001). Presented death association platelet levels < 81,000/mm ³ (p=0.004), serum albumin ≤ 2, 2 g/dL (p=0.032), urea > 37 mg/dL (p=0.009), total bilirubin > 0.9 mg/dL (p=0.001), direct bilirubin > 0, 4 mg/dL (p=0.002), prothrombin activity < 45% (p=0.008) and serum creatinine elevated to the age (p=0.003). The scores obtained in clinical (CP) and clinicolaboratorial (CLP) predictor models adopted by the Ministry of Health of Brazil showed agreement with the CO; CP ≥ 4 and CLP ≥ 6 were significantly associated with death in this sample, with greater strength of association for the last (p=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: the clinical profile of the sample was concordant with the literature, though some variables classically associated with death in VL showed no significant, or if made in different cut-offs, which may be due to population variations or study design, requiring more robust research for verification. The results for the CP and CLP scores in this sample reflect the importance of their achievement as a risk stratification tool of patients diagnosed with VL. It is hoped that this study will help in situational diagnosis of the disease in local population and in the identification of key issues to be deepened through different methodologies


Subject(s)
Humans , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/mortality , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology
9.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 70(5): 1362-1368, set.-out. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-946808

ABSTRACT

O objetivo com este estudo foi comparar as técnicas de citologia aspirativa, biópsia e citobloco para identificação e quantificação parasitológica de Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi em medula óssea de cães. Amostras de tecido medular de 26 animais, em diferentes estágios clínico-laboratoriais da doença, foram estudadas obedecendo-se os mesmos critérios de investigação nas técnicas de citologia aspirativa, biópsia e citobloco. O menor número de campos para a confirmação parasitológica foi constatado no esfregaço direto obtido por citologia aspirativa. O estágio clínico-laboratorial não influenciou no número de campos necessários para a primeira visualização do agente em nenhuma das técnicas (p>0,05), e menor intensidade parasitária foi observada nas lâminas de citobloco. As técnicas de citologia aspirativa e biópsia concordaram na estimativa do coeficiente de infectividade no tecido estudado (p<0,05). Apesar de a técnica de citobloco permitir a concentração de células e o melhor reaproveitamento de amostras, não demonstrou ser um método adequado para rápida identificação e quantificação parasitológica na leishmaniose visceral canina. Considerando-se suas vantagens, a citologia aspirativa foi o melhor método para detecção microscópica do parasito e determinação do nível de intensidade parasitária no tecido estudado.(AU)


The aim of the present study was to compare the aspiration cytology, biopsy and cell block techniques for identification and parasitological quantification of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in dog bone marrow. Bone marrow tissue samples from 26 animals, in different clinical-laboratory stages of the disease, were studied according to the same criteria of investigation in the aspiration cytology, biopsy and cell block techniques. The lowest number of fields for the parasitological confirmation was found in the direct smear obtained by aspiration cytology. The clinical-laboratory stage did not influence the number of fields required for the first visualization of the agent in any of the techniques (p> 0.05) and less parasitic intensity was observed in the cell block slides. The aspiration cytology and biopsy techniques agreed on the estimation of infectivity coefficient in the tissue studied (p< 0.05). Although the cell block technique allows the concentration of cells and better reutilization of samples, it has not been shown to be an adequate method for rapid identification and parasitological quantification in canine visceral leishmaniasis. Considering its advantages, aspiration cytology was the best method for microscopic detection of the parasite and determination of the level of parasite intensity in the tissue studied.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Biopsy, Fine-Needle/methods , Bone Marrow/pathology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
10.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 113(11): e180260, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-976229

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is a major public health challenge in South America, and dogs are its main urban reservoir. OBJECTIVE Validation of the canine Dual-path Platform immunoassay for canine visceral leishmaniasis (DPP® CVL) for a sample set composed of 1446 dogs from different Brazilian endemic areas. METHODS A well-defined reference standard by means of parasitological culture, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology was used. Animals were classified as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, or symptomatic. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed as a single set and in clinical groups. A reproducibility assessment of the tests was conducted using the Kappa (κ) index at three different laboratories (A, B, and C). FINDINGS Overall, 89% sensitivity and 70% specificity were obtained for the entire sample set. Analysis of the clinical groups showed a gradual decrease in the sensitivity and an increase in the specificity with the reduction of clinical signs in the dogs that were assessed, reaching a sensitivity of 75% (42.8-94.5%) among asymptomatic dogs and lower specificity of 56% (46.2-66.3%) among symptomatic dogs. Inter-laboratory agreement was substantial (κAB= 0.778; κAC= 0.645; κCB= 0.711). MAIN CONCLUSIONS The test performance is somewhat dependent on canine symptomatology, but such influence was less evident than in previous studies. Favourable results for sensitivity and specificity can be obtained even in asymptomatic animals; however, caution is needed in these evaluations, and the results suggest that the immunochromatographic test may be further improved for better investigation in asymptomatic dogs. The results obtained confirm the usefulness of DPP® CVL for application in serological surveys.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Immunoassay/classification , Serologic Tests , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
11.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 112(8): 561-568, Aug. 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-894865

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum is characterised by the loss of the ability of the host to generate an effective immune response. Chemokines have a direct involvement in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis, causing a rapid change in the expression of these molecules during infection by Leishmania. OBJECTIVES Herein, it was investigated the role of CXCL10 in controlling infection by L. infantum. METHODS RAW 264.7 macrophages were infected with L. infantum in vitro and treated or not with CXCL10 (25, 50 and 100 ng/mL). Parasite load, as well as nitric oxide (NO), IL-4 and IL-10 production were assessed at 24 and 48 h after infection. In vivo, BALB/c mice were infected and treated or not with CXCL10 (5 μg/kg) at one, three and seven days of infection. Parasite load, IFN-g, IL-4, TGF-β and IL-10 were evaluated one, seven and 23 days post treatment. FINDINGS In vitro, CXCL10 reduced parasitic load, not dependent on NO, and inhibited IL-10 and IL-4 secretion. In vivo, CXCL10 was able to reduce the parasite load in both liver and spleen, four weeks after infection, representing a higher decrease in the number of parasites in these organs, also induced IFN-γ at day 23 after treatment, correlating with the decrease in parasite load, and reduced IL-10 and TGF-β. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a partial protective role of CXCL10 against L. infantum, mediated by IFN-g, not dependent on NO, and with suppression of IL-10 and TGF-β. These data may provide information for the development of new approaches for future therapeutic interventions for VL.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Organ Size/physiology , Interleukin-4/biosynthesis , Interleukin-10/biosynthesis , Leishmania infantum , Chemokine CXCL10/therapeutic use , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy , Liver/pathology , Macrophages/drug effects , Cytokines/immunology , Interferon-gamma/analysis , Mice, Inbred BALB C
12.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 50(4): 483-488, July-Aug. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-896987

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION The control of reservoirs for Leishmania infantum -induced zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis requires the identification of dogs posing a population risk. Here, we assessed the performance of several assays to identify Lutzomyia longipalpis infectious dogs. METHODS We evaluated 99 dogs that were positive for visceral leishmaniasis based on parasite identification. Serological analyses were performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence antibody tests in 1:40 and 1:80 dilutions, rapid dual path platform tests, immunochromatographic assay with a recombinant rK39 antigen, fast agglutination screening tests, and direct agglutination tests. We also performed PCR to analyze peripheral blood and xenodiagnosis. RESULTS Forty-six dogs infected at least one L. longipalpis specimen. Although the serological test sensitivities were above 85% for detecting L. longipalpis infectious dogs, none showed a satisfactory performance, as both specificity (0.06 to 13%) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (45 to 53%) were low. The PCR results were also weak, with a sensitivity of 30%, specificity of 72%, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 51%. The infected L. longipalpis proportion was higher among asymptomatic dogs than symptomatic dogs. Among the symptomatic dogs, those with ulceration-free skin diseases were more infectious, with an odds ratio of 9.3 (confidence interval of 1.10 - 428.5). The larger the number of insects fed, the greater the detected infectiousness. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the imperative to develop novel technologies for identifying the infectious dogs that transmit L. infantum for the benefit of public health.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Dogs , Psychodidae/parasitology , Serologic Tests/veterinary , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Leishmania infantum , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Mosquito Vectors/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Serologic Tests/methods , Sensitivity and Specificity , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dog Diseases/transmission , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission
13.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 25(4): 450-458, Sept.-Dec. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-830049

ABSTRACT

Abstract This study describes the occurrence of dogs naturally co-infected with Hepatozoon canis and two Leishmania species: L. infantum or L. braziliensis. Four dogs serologically diagnosed with Visceral Leishmaniasis were euthanized. Liver and spleen samples were collected for histopathological analysis and DNA isolation. H. canis meronts were observed in tissues from all four dogs. H. canis infection was confirmed by PCR followed by sequencing of a fragment of 18S rRNA gene. Leishmania detection and typing was confirmed by ITS1' PCR-RFLP and parasite burden was calculated using ssrRNA quantitative qPCR. A DPP - Dual Path platform test was performed. One out (Dog #2) of four animals was asymptomatic. Dogs #1 and #4 were infected by L. infantum and were DPP test positive. Dogs #2 and #3 were infected by L. braziliensis and were DPP test negative. Furthermore, visceral dissemination was observed in Dogs #2 and #3, since L. braziliensis was detected in liver and spleen samples. The visceral dissemination of L. braziliensis associated with systemic signs suggested that this co-infection could influence the parasite burden and disease progression.


Resumo O presente estudo descreve a ocorrência de coinfecção com Hepatozoon canis e duas espécies de Leishmania (L. infantum ou L. braziliensis) em cães. Quatro cães sorologicamente diagnosticados com leishmaniose visceral foram eutanasiados. Amostras do baço e fígado foram submetidas à histopatologia e extração de DNA. Merontes de H. canis foram observados nos quatro cães. A infecção por H. canis foi confirmada por PCR e sequenciamento de um fragmento do gene 18S rRNA. A infecção por Leishmania e tipagem foram realizadas por PCR-RFLP do região intergênica ITS1. A carga parasitária foi calculada pela qPCR quantitativa baseada no gene ssrRNA. O teste DPP - Dual Path platform foi realizado. Apenas o Cão #2 era assintomático. Os cães #1 e #4 estavam infectados com L. infantum e foram positivos no DPP. Os cães #2 e #3 estavam infectados com L. braziliensis e foram negativos no DPP. Além disso, visceralização foi observada nos cães #2 e #3, nos quais L. braziliensis foi detectada em amostras de baço e fígado. A visceralização da L. braziliensis associada a sinais clínicos sistêmicos sugerem que esta coinfecção pode ter influenciado na carga parasitária e progressão da doença.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Coccidiosis/veterinary , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Coinfection/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Coccidia , Coccidiosis/parasitology , Leishmania infantum , Coinfection/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
14.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 25(4): 465-469, Sept.-Dec. 2016. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-830035

ABSTRACT

Abstract Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem worldwide. Because Leishmania can adapt to new hosts or vectors, knowledge concerning the current etiological agent in dogs is important in endemic areas. This study aimed to identify the Leishmania species detected in 103 samples of peripheral blood from dogs that were naturally infected with these protozoa. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis was determined through parasitological examination, the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Leishmania species were identified by means of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The samples were subjected to PCR using oligonucleotide primers that amplify the intergenic region ITS1 of the rRNA gene in order to identify the species. The amplified DNA was digested using the restriction enzyme HaeIII. A restriction profile identical to L. amazonensis was shown in 77/103 samples and the profile was similar to L. infantum in 17/103. However, a mixed profile was shown in 9/103 samples, which impeded species identification. In conclusion, the infection in these dogs was predominantly due to L. amazonensis, thus indicating that diagnosing of cases of canine leishmaniasis needs to be reexamined, since the causative agent identified is not restricted to L. infantum.


Resumo Leishmaniose é um grande problema de saúde pública global. Devido à adaptação de Leishmania a novos hospedeiros ou vetores, conhecimentos sobre o agente etiológico atual em cães é importante em áreas endêmicas. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as espécies de Leishmania detectadas em 103 amostras de sangue periférico de cães naturalmente infectados com este protozoário. O diagnóstico de leishmaniose foi determinado por exame parasitológico, ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). A identificação das espécies de Leishmania foi realizada por PCR – seguido da análise do polimorfismo no comprimento de fragmentos de restrição (PCR-RFLP). As amostras foram submetidas a PCR utilizando-se iniciadores oligonucleotídicos que amplificam a região intergénica ITS1 do gene de rRNA para identificar as espécies, o DNA amplificado foi digerido com a enzima de restrição HaeIII. Observou-se que 77/103 amostras mostraram um perfil de restrição idênticos a L. amazonensis, 17/103 foram semelhantes para L. infantum; 09/103 mostraram um perfil misto, o que impediu a identificação da espécie. Em conclusão, a infecção nestes cães era predominantemente devido a L. amazonensis, indicando que o diagnóstico de casos de leishmaniose canina precisa ser reexaminada, já que o agente causador não está restrito a L. infantum.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Leishmania infantum/isolation & purification , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
15.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 25(3): 342-347, July-Sept. 2016. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-795072

ABSTRACT

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate apoptosis and parasite load in the liver and spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniosis (VL), using immunohistochemistry. Liver and spleen samples from 71 dogs with VL were used. The parasite load in the spleen and liver showed significant difference between organs in infected group (P=0.0219). The density of the parasite load in the spleen (median=2.4) was higher than liver (median=0.8). Immunodetection of apoptotic cells was predominant in lymphocytes and differ between the infected and control group in spleen (P=0.0307) and liver (P=0.0346). There was a significant correlation between apoptosis and parasite load (P = 0.0084; r=0.3104) only in the spleen of the infected group, where it was observed that, when increasing the number of apoptotic cells increases the parasitic load. It was concluded that the liver and spleen of infected dogs presented greater numbers of cells undergoing apoptosis (lymphocytes) than the control group, thus suggesting that this process may be contributing towards the survival of Leishmania in these organs, because lymphocyte in apoptosis did not have the ability to present and recognize the antigen, allowing the survival of the parasite.


Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a apoptose e a carga parasitária no fígado e baço de cães com leishmaniose visceral (LV), pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica. Foram utilizadas amostras de fígado e baço de 71 cães com LV. A carga parasitária no baço e fígado mostrou diferença significativa entre os órgãos no grupo infectado (P=0,0219). A densidade da carga de parasita no baço (média=2,4) foi maior do que no fígado (média=0,8). A imunodetecção de células em apoptose foi predominante nos linfócitos, com diferenças entre o grupo infectado e controle no baço (P=0,0307) e fígado (P=0,0346). Houve uma correlação positiva fraca entre apoptose e carga parasitária (P=0,0084; r=0,3104) apenas no baço do grupo infectado, onde observou-se que quando aumentava o número de células em apoptose aumentava a carga parasitária. Concluiu-se que o fígado e o baço de cães infectados apresentam um maior número de células que sofrem apoptose (linfócitos) do que o grupo controle, sugerindo que este processo possa contribuir para a sobrevivência de Leishmania nestes órgãos, pois os linfócitos em apoptose não tiveram a capacidade de apresentar e reconhecer o antígeno, permitindo a sobrevivência do parasita.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Spleen/parasitology , Apoptosis/physiology , Leishmania infantum , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Parasite Load , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Liver/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
16.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 111(8): 517-522, Aug. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-788994

ABSTRACT

Currently, the only method for identifying infective hosts with Leishmania infantum to the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis is xenodiagnosis. More recently, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has been used to model human reservoir competence by assuming that detection of parasite DNA indicates the presence of viable parasites for infecting vectors. Since this assumption has not been proven, this study aimed to verify this hypothesis. The concentration of amastigotes in the peripheral blood of 30 patients with kala-azar was microscopically verified by leukoconcentration and was compared to qPCR estimates. Parasites were identified in 4.8 mL of peripheral blood from 67% of the patients, at a very low concentration (average 0.3 parasites/mL). However, qPCR showed 93% sensitivity and the estimated parasitaemia was over a thousand times greater, both in blood and plasma, with higher levels in plasma than in blood. Furthermore, the microscopic count of circulating parasites and the qPCR parasitaemia estimates were not mathematically compatible with the published proportions of infected sandflies in xenodiagnostic studies. These findings suggest that qPCR does not measure the concentration of circulating parasites, but rather measures DNA from other sites, and that blood might not be the main source of infection for vectors.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/physiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Parasitemia/parasitology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Psychodidae/parasitology , Child, Preschool , DNA, Protozoan/blood , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Microscopy/methods , Sensitivity and Specificity
17.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 25(1): 24-36, Jan.-Mar. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-777541

ABSTRACT

Abstract The aim of this work was a correlation study and histopathological description of alterations associated with the presence of Leishmania infantumamastigote in the intestinal wall of dogs infected with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Three groups were used: G1 (n = 8), comprising naturally infected dogs with CVL with amastigotes of L. infantum in the small and large intestines; G2 (n = 9), infected dogs with CVL, without intestinal amastigotes; and G3 (n = 3), uninfected dogs. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry methods were used for histopathology and amastigotes identification. 47.1% (8/17) of dogs from G1 group had amastigotes in the mucosa, submucosa and muscle layers of the small and large intestines and it was observed a prominent inflammatory reaction characterized by chronic infiltration of mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Comparison between the groups showed only a significant difference in relation to mucosal microscopic structural alterations in dogs from G1 in relation to G2 and G3. Parasite burden showed significant correlations with the microscopic alterations and clinical status of dogs in G1. By the conclusion, the inflammatory reactions caused by the parasites in the intestines might have contributed towards alterations in digestive processes, worsening the dogs’ clinical status of CVL.


Resumo O objetivo foi realizar um estudo de correlação e descrição histopatológica das lesões associadas à presença de amastigotas de Leishmania infantum na parede intestinal de cães infectados com leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC). Os cães foram subdivididos em três grupos: G1 (n = 8) cães naturalmente infectados com LVC e com amastigotas de L. infantum no intestino; G2 (n = 9) com LVC, mas sem o parasitismo intestinal; e G3 (n = 3) cães não infectados. Métodos histoquímicos e imunoistoquímicos foram utilizados para a histopatologia e a identificação das amastigotas, respectivamente. 47,1% (8/17) dos cães infectados (grupo G1) apresentavam formas amastigotas na mucosa, submucosa e camada muscular do intestino delgado e grosso, destacando-se uma reação inflamatória caracterizada por infiltrado crônico de células mononucleares; macrófagos, linfócitos e plasmócitos. Observou-se uma diferença significativa somente com relação às alterações estruturais microscópicas intestinais nos cães do G1 quando comparadas com G2 e G3. A intensidade parasitária intestinal teve correlação significativa com as alterações microscópicas e os sinais clínicos dos cães do G1. Concluiu-se que as amastigotas de L. infantum por causarem reações inflamatórias na parede intestinal dos cães podem ter contribuído para as alterações dos processos digestórios, agravando ainda mais o quadro clínico dos animais.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Leishmania infantum , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dog Diseases/pathology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology
18.
Salvador; s.n; 2016. 177 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é uma zoonose causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum, e tem o cão como reservatório doméstico. Nessa espécie, a leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é caracterizada por um amplo espectro de sinais clínicos, variando de acordo com a resposta imune do animal parasitado, o que dificulta o seu diagnóstico. Na busca de um tratamento eficaz, os cães são submetidos a vários agentes terapêuticos e protocolos. Embora alguns protocolos resultem em melhora dos sinais clínicos, as recidivas são frequentes. Além disso, a detecção do parasito na pele dos cães tratados faz com que sua participação no ciclo de transmissão continue, inclusive com risco de infecção de humanos e seleção de cepas resistentes às drogas de referência. Um dos fármacos que já demonstraram ação contra a Leismania é o Dietilditiocarbamato (DETC), um potente inibidor de Superóxido Dismutase (SOD), enzima que atua facilitando a sobrevivência de parasitos intracelulares. OBJETIVO: Os objetivos deste estudo foram testar o DETC, in vitro e in vivo, para o tratamento contra LVC e desenvolver um algoritmo que auxilie no diagnóstico clínico da doença. MÉTODOS: Nos ensaios in vitro foram utilizadas células mononucleares de sangue periférico de cães saudáveis. Nos ensaios in vivo foram utilizados 10 cães experimentalmente infectados e 16 naturalmente infectados com Leishmania infantum...


INTRODUCTION: Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum, and has the dog as domestic reservoir. In this species, canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical signs, varying with the immune response of parasitized animals, which complicates the diagnosis. In the search for an effective treatment, the dogs are subjected to various therapeutic agents and protocols. Although some protocols result in improvement of clinical signs, recurrences are frequent. Furthermore, the detection of the parasite in the skin of treated dogs makes participation in the transmission cycle to continue, including the risk of human infection and selection of resistant strains to the reference drugs. One of drugs that have shown activity against Leishmania is diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC), a potent inhibitor of superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that acts facilitating survival of intracellular parasites. AIM: This study aimed to test the DETC, in vitro and in vivo for the treatment against LVC and develop an algorithm to assist in clinical diagnosis of disease. METHODS: In vitro tests Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of healthy dogs were used. To in vivo assays were used 10 experimentally infected dogs and 16 naturally infected with Leishmania infantum...


Subject(s)
Humans , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
19.
Salvador; s.n; 2016. 88 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001020

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma zoonose de grande importância na saúde pública, causada pela Leishmania infantum. No Brasil, o parasito é transmitido pela picada do Lutzomyia longipalpis e o cão é considerado o principal reservatório doméstico. As medidas de controle da LV apresentam limitações que comprometem a sua eficácia. Assim, novas estratégias precisam ser implementadas. A utilização de coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina a 4% têm apresentado resultados promissores na proteção individual de cães contra a picada do vetor flebotomíneo e como medida de controle em regiões endêmicas da Europa. Entretanto, ainda são escassos os estudos de campo que avaliaram a eficácia da utilização da coleira como medida de controle da LV em áreas onde o Lu. longipalpis é o vetor responsável pela transmissão. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da utilização de coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina a 4% em cães, no controle e prevenção da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) em uma área endêmica do Brasil. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Um estudo experimental longitudinal foi realizado em Camaçari - BA...


INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance in public health, caused by Leishmania infantum. In Brazil, the parasite is transmitted by the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis and the dog is considered the main domestic reservoir. The VL control measures have limitations that impair its efficacy. Thus, new strategies need to be implemented. The use of collars impregnated with deltamethrin 4% have shown promising results in personal protection dogs against the bite of the sandfly vector and as a control measure in endemic regions of Europe. However, there are few field studies that evaluated the efficacy of using the collar as LV control measure in areas where Lu. longipalpis is the vector responsible for transmition. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of using collars impregnated with deltamethrin to 4% in dogs for control and prevention of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in an endemic area of Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A longitudinal experimental study was carried out in Camaçari-BA...


Subject(s)
Humans , Dogs/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission
20.
Salvador; IGM; 2016. 72 p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001021

ABSTRACT

A leishmaniose é causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. Considerada endêmica em diversos países, incluindo o Brasil, o tratamento dessa doença consiste na utilização de agentes quimioterápicos. No entanto, esses fármacos apresentam diversos efeitos colaterais, alto custo e aumento progressivo de falha terapêutica com baixas taxas de cura. Tendo em vista a necessidade para desenvolvimento de novos compostos anti-Leishmania, ensaios realizados anteriormente por nosso grupo evidenciaram o potencial do 17 - allylamino 17 - demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) no tratamento in vivo da leishmaniose cutânea (LC). Esse composto inibe a atividade ATPásica da proteína de choque térmico 90 (HSP90), que no parasito é conhecida por exercer funções essenciais. Como consequência, sua inibição pode levar à morte do parasito, resultando no controle da doença. Assim, nosso estudo avaliou o potencial do 17-AAG no tratamento da leishmaniose visceral (LV) utilizando hamster como modelo experimental. Este modelo foi utilizado, pois apresenta características clínico-patológicas semelhantes às observadas em humanos com calazar. Inicialmente foi realizado um ensaio de toxicidade com o 17-AAG utilizando doses intraperitoneais de 20 ou 40 mg/kg diariamente ou em dias alternados, totalizando quinze aplicações. O esquema terapêutico causou toxicidade no fígado dos animais tratados com ambas às doses e no rim dos animais tratados com 40mg/kg. Todos os animais que receberam 40mg/kg e 80% daqueles que receberam 20mg/kg vieram a óbito no final dos dois esquemas terapêutico. Com o intuito de reduzir a toxicidade e avaliar o potencial leishmanicida do 17-AAG, experimentos subsequentes foram realizados utilizando doses menores de 5 ou 10 mg/kg de 17-AAG em intervalos maiores de três dias, totalizando sete aplicações. Os animais do estudo apresentavam alterações bioquímicas e hematológicas, antes mesmo de iniciar o tratamento, permanecendo com essas alterações durante todos os períodos avaliados, que foram igualmente observadas nos animais do grupo controle não tratados com 17-AAG. Com o intuito de avançar na avaliação de toxicidade e eficácia do tratamento, outro ensaio foi realizado utilizando doses de 10 ou 20 mg/kg de 17-AAG em dias alternados, totalizando sete aplicações. A análise histopatológica mostrou que os hamsters tratados não apresentaram alterações em fígado e rim adicionais às observadas no grupo controle. Esses achados mostram que o tratamento com 17-AAG foi tóxico somente para as células hepáticas dos animais, quando aplicado em doses mais elevadas e em intervalos de tempos curtos. Em doses mais baixas e intervalos maiores, as análises histopatológicas do fígado e rim dos animais revelaram alterações similares às causadas pelo diluente. Quando os hamsters foram tratados com as doses toleradas de 10 ou 20 mg/kg de 17-AAG em dias alternados, o 17-AAG não foi capaz de reduzir a carga parasitária no baço, fígado ou linfonodo desses animais. Em conjunto, esses dados mostram que os hamsters não representam um modelo adequado para teste com 17-AAG, pois os mesmos não toleraram doses elevadas deste fármaco que seriam necessárias para o controle da infecção, indicando a necessidade da utilização de outro modelo experimental nos estudos de tratamento da LV


Subject(s)
Humans , Cricetinae/parasitology , Cricetinae/blood , Cricetinae/urine , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL